Leaf angle and light interception in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Role of the petiole’s mechanical and anatomical properties
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چکیده
The relationships between (1) leaf biomass and morphology (lamina area and petiole and lamina inclination), (2) petiole’s mechanical and structural properties, and (3) the vertical light gradient inside the crop’s canopy were studied in field grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants, maintained at optimum soil water and mineral levels. At flowering, incident photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was measured at the top of the canopy and on individual leaves using a quantum sensor. The fraction of direct incident radiation which passed through the canopy reaching each individual leaf was then calculated. Individual petiole and lamina inclination angles (iaPetiole and iaLamina, respectively) were measured from sequential digital images. These were taken rotating plants and using a stationary digital photographic camera. Petiole length and lamina area were measured after detaching leaves from each plant. Leaves were separated in petiole, lamina and main veins, and their dry mass obtained. Petiole transverse cuts stained with acid fluoroglucinol were used to measure the relative area occupied by lignified and fibrous tissues. The petiole’s structural Young‘s modulus (EPetiole) for different leaves was calculated from a three-point bending test. This was performed in petiole segments 4.0 to 8.0 cm length. Petiole flexural stiffness (EIPetiole) was calculated using elementary beam theory for homogenous materials. Intercepted PAR in the canopy for individual leaves decreased basipetally. The iaPetiole increased acropetally from -9.0° to +60.0°, while the iaLamina increased basipetally from +1.0° to -60.0° in concordance with increments in the intercepted PAR. Petiole specific weight per tranverse sections (g/cm2) did not change with leaf position whilst lamina specific weight decreased acropetally. Main veins dry weight increased basipetally. EPetiole and EIPetiole increased acropetally. There was a positive relationship between intercepted PAR and the ratio dry weightPetiole/ dry weightLamina. The relative area occupied by supporting tissue was significantly higher in upper petioles than in lower ones. These results suggest that, in order to optimize incident PAR interception, sunflower plants invest Resumen. Se estudiaron (1) las relaciones entre la biomasa foliar y su morfología (área e inclinación de la lámina y ángulo de inclinación del pecíolo), (2) las propiedades mecánicas y estructurales de los pecíolos, y (3) el gradiente vertical de luz dentro del canopeo en plantas de girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) que crecieron a campo, en condiciones óptimas de agua edáfica y nutrientes. A la antesis, la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA) incidente fue medida con un sensor cuántico al tope del canopeo y en hojas individuales. De esta forma se calculó la fracción de la radiación incidente que pasó a través del canopeo y llegó a cada hoja. La inclinación de los pecíolos y las láminas (iaPetiole y iaLamina, respectivamente) fúe medida sobre imágenes digitales tomadas con una cámara fotográfica digital sobre una secuencia de plantas giradas sobre su eje. La longitud de los pecíolos y el área de las láminas fueron medidos luego de remover las hojas de las plantas. Las hojas fueron separadas en pecíolos, láminas y nervaduras principales obteniéndose su peso seco. Cortes transversales de pecíolos fueron teñidos con fluoroglucinol para medir la superficie relativa ocupada por tejido lignificado. El módulo de elasticidad de Young en los pecíolos (EPetiole), para las diferentes hojas del canopeo, fue calculado mediante la prueba de flexión de tres puntos realizada en segmentos de pecíolo de 4,0 a 8,0 cm de longitud. La rigidez estructural de los pecíolos (EIPetiole) fue calculada utilizando los principios de la teoría elemental de vigas para materiales homogéneos. La RFA en el canopeo para las hojas individuales disminuyó basípetamente. El iaPetiole se incrementó acrópetamente de -9,0° a +60,0°, mientras que el iaLamina aumentó basípetamente de 1,0° a -60,0° acorde a los incrementos de la RFA interceptada. El peso específico por área transversal de los pecíolos (g/cm2) no varió con la ubicación de la hoja en el canopeo mientras que el peso específico de la lámina disminuyó acrópetamente. El peso seco de las nervaduras principales se incrementó basípetamente. El EPetiole y el EIPetiole aumentaron acrópetamente. Hubo una correlación positiva entre la RFA interceptada y el índice Peso seco del pecíolo/Peso seco de la lámina. El área relativa Laboratorio de Morfología Vegetal. Depto. de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur. Bahía Blanca, 8000, CIC Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, 1900. Argentina. Address Correspondence to: Luis Hernández, e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +54 0291 4595127 Recibido / Received 19.V.2010. Aceptado / Accepted 03.VI.2010. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE BOTÁNICA EXPERIMENTAL INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY FUNDACION ROMULO RAGGIO Gaspar Campos 861, 1638 Vicente López (BA), Argentina www.revistaphyton.fund-romuloraggio.org.ar FYTON ISSN 0031 9457, (2010) 79: 109-115
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